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法學理論、法制史、憲法學
Jurisprudence, History of Legal Systems and Constitution
按照法律規(guī)定according to law
按照確定的份額分享權力：be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit
按照確定的份額分擔義務：assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt
案例教學法case system
案例匯編case book; case report; law report
柏拉圖 Plato
《保護人權與基本自由公約》(1950) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 （羅）
被視為be deemed as
被宣布為非法be outlawed; be declared illegal
比較法comparative law
比較法學comparative jurisprudence
比較法學派school of comparative jurisprudence
比較法制史 comparative legal history
比較分析法method of comparative analysis
比較刑法comparative penal law
比較刑法學comparative penal jurisprudence
必然因果關系positive causal relationship
邊緣法學borderline jurisprudence
變通辦法adaptation; accommodation
補充規(guī)定supplementary provision
補救辦法remedial measures
不成文法unwritten law
不成文憲法unwritten constitution
不動產(chǎn)所在地法律 law of the place where the real property is situated; lex loci rei immobilisci
不可分割的權利impartible right
不可抗力 force majuere
不可侵犯性inviolability
不可讓與性inalienability
不履行法律義務non-performance of obligation
不要式行為informal act
不要因的法律行為non-causal juristic act
不因實效而喪失的權利imprescriptible right
不作為abstain from an act; act of omission
部門法department law
部門規(guī)章regulation
參照 consult
參照具體情況 in the light of actual conditions
參照原文 consult the original
查士丁尼法典 Code Justinian; Codex Justinianus
查士丁尼法規(guī)匯編 Authenticum
超出法律范圍的 outside of law
超出法律權限的 extralegal
超過權限 exceed authority; beyond jurisdiction
成文法 written law
成文憲法 written constitution
沖突法 conflict of laws; rules of conflict
沖突規(guī)則 conflict rule; rule of conflict
除（本法）另有規(guī)定外 except for otherwise stipulated (by this law)
除外條款 provisory clause
除外責任條款 exclusion clause
觸犯公共利益 encroach on the public interests
觸犯國際利益 go against the state’s interests
觸犯人民利益 encroach on the interests of the people; go against the people’s interests
傳統(tǒng)法律觀念 traditional ideas of law
純粹法學 pure theory of law
次要法規(guī) by law
次要規(guī)則 secondary rule
從寬解釋原則 doctrine of liberal construction
從權利 accessory right
達到法定年齡 come of age
大法 the fundamental law
大法官 Lord High Chancellor
大法官法院Court of Chancery
大陸法系 Continental Legal System
大律師 barrister
《大明律》Criminal Law of the Ming Dynasty�。ㄖ校�
大陪審團 grand jury
《大清律例》the Criminal Laws of the Qing Dynasty (中)
《大憲章》(1215) Great Charter, 1215(英)
單行法規(guī) specific regulations
單一法律體系 unitary legal system
單一制政府 unitary government
但書 proviso
當代法學動向current trend of jurisprudence
當然解釋 natural interpretation
黨紀國法party discipline and the law of the country
道德規(guī)范norm of morality
道德義務 moral obligation
《德國民法典》German Civil code
德拉古 Draco
地方各級人民代表大會 local people’s congresses at different levels
地方各級人民法院local people’s courts at different levels
地方各級人民檢察院local people’s procuratorates at different levels
地方各級人民政府local people’s governments at different levels
第二讀 second reading
第三讀 third reading
二元論the dualistic theory
二元君主立憲制 dual constitutional monarchy system
二元論 the dualistic theory
二元論者dualist
二元制 bicameral system
法的本質 the nature of law
法的變化changes of law
法的定義definition of law
法的發(fā)展development of law
法的分類 divisions of law
法的概念concepts of law
法的規(guī)范作用normalized usage of law
法的繼承succession of law
法的精神 spirit of law
法的可預測性foreseeability of law
法的類型types of law
法的歷史類型的更替 the replacement of one historical mode of law by another
法的歷史淵源 historical origin of law
法的連續(xù)性continuity of law
法的內容contexts of law
法的社會作用 social usage of law
法的生效operation of law
法的實現(xiàn)realization of law
法的特征character of law
法的現(xiàn)象legal phenomenon
法的消亡 withering away of law
法的形式淵源formal source of law
法的要素elements of law
法的淵源source of law
法的職能function of law
法的作用role of law
法典code; statute book
法典編纂 codification of codes
法定成年人的年齡age of majority; legal age
法定程序legal procedure
法定處罰statutory penalty
法定代理人： agent ad litem
法定解釋statutory interpretation
法定量刑情節(jié) legally prescribed circumstances of sentencing
法定年齡 legal age; lawful age
法定年齡限制 a statutory age limit
法定期間 prescribed time
法定期限 legal term
法定權利 legal right; right entitled by law
法定權限 limits of power prescribed by law
法定人數(shù) quorum
法定日 appointed day
法定時間 appointed time
法定時效 statutory prescription
法定條件 legal condition
法定限制 statutory restrictions
法定效力 statutory force
法定刑 legally-prescribed punishment
法定形式 legal form
法定責任 statutory duty
法定追溯期 time of legal memory
法定最高刑 maximum statutory penalty; maximum statutory sentence
法官 judge
法官的自由裁量權 judge’s power of discretion
法官權力范圍 extent of judge’s power
法官心證 judge’s mental impression
法官中立原則 Nemo debt esse judex in propria causa
法規(guī)編纂 condification of laws and regulations
法規(guī)的解釋 interpretation of statutes
法規(guī)匯編 corpus of the laws and regulations
《法國民法典》Code Civile de Francais (法)
法理 jurisprudence; principle of law
法理學家 jurisprudent
法律保護 legal protection
法律編纂 codification
法律標準 legal standards
法律補救 legal redress
法律部門 legal department
法律草案 draft regulations
法律措施 legal measures
法律大全 Corpus legum
法律的本土化和改寫 the localization and adaptiion of laws
法律的本質 essence of law
法律的地位 position of law
法律的定義 definition of law
法律的廢止 abolishment of law
法律的公共秩序論 public order theory of law
法律的規(guī)范性 normalization of law
法律的繼承 succession of law
法律的理想ideal of law
法律的權威 authority of law
法律的失效lapse of law
法律的實施administration of law; law enforcement
法律的適用application of law
法律的統(tǒng)一 unification of law
法律的推定 presumption of law
法律的推理 analogy of law
法律的完整性 integrity of law
法律的效力范圍 force’s scale of law
法律的效力形式 force’s form of law
法律的修改alteration of law
法律的演進 evolutin of law
法律的原理 principle of law
法律地位平等equal in legal status
法律對人的效力personal act of law
編纂法律方法 legal methodology
法律分類 classification of law
法律賦予權力 authority conferred by law
法律改革 law reform
法律概念 legal concept
法律根據(jù) legal basis
法律工作者 legal professional
法律關系legal relation
法律關系的運行 process of legal relation
法律關系客體 object of legal relation
法律關系主體 subject of legal relation
法律規(guī)定provisions of law
法律規(guī)范 norm of law
法律規(guī)范的邏輯結構 logical structure of legal rule
法律規(guī)則體系 system of legal rules
法律含義 intendment of law
法律另有規(guī)定：otherwise stipulated by law
法律現(xiàn)象legal phenomenon
法律研究legal research
法律要件 legal requirement
法律依據(jù) legal basis
法律意見 legal advice
法律意見書 legal opinion
法律意識 law-consciousness
法律意義 legal sense
法律用語 legal language
法律與正義先驗論 a prior theory of law and justice
法律淵源 source of law
法律原本注釋 gloss
法律原理 legal doctrines
法律原則 principle of legality
法律援助legal aid
法律約束 legal binding; legal restraint
法律責任 legal responsibility
法律責任的道義基礎 moral basic of legal obligation
法律責任的歸結 imputaton of legal responsibility
法律責任的認定 determination of legal responsibility
法律責任的執(zhí)行 enforcement of legal responsibility
法律責任客體 object of legal responsibility
法律責任主體 subject of legal responsibility
法律哲學 philosophy of law; philosophie du droit （法）；philosophia juris
法律政策 policy of the law
法律職業(yè)道德 legal ethics
法律指導 legal counsel
法律制裁 legal sanction
法律制度 regime of law; legal system
法律秩序 legal order
法律主體資格 capacity as a subject of law
法律主張 proposition of law
法律屬地原則 territoriality of laws
法律著述 legal literature
法律專家 legal expert
法律專業(yè) legal profession
法律專著和教科書 legal treatise and textbook
法律咨詢 legal advice
法律尊嚴 legal sanctity
法盲 legal illiterates
法權 right
法社會學 sociology of law
法系 legal system
法協(xié)會 law society
法學 jurisprudence
法學博士 doctor of jurisprudence
法學導論 leading principles of law
法學的范疇體系 the system of categories of jurisprudence
法學的范疇意識 the consciousness of category of jurisprudence
法學的基石范疇 fundamental categories of jurisprudence
法學方法 method of jurisprudence
法學方法論 methodology of jurisprudence
法學會 law society
法學教科書 law textbooks
法學理論 theory of law; legal theory
法學權威 an academic authority in law
法學士 bachelor of law
法學體系 system of jurisprudence
法學通論 first principles of law
法學院 faculty of law; law school
法醫(yī) forensic medicine
法醫(yī)學 forensic medicine
法院 court
法院調查 judicial investigation
法院管轄權 competence of court
法院管轄以外的 extrajudicial
法院判決 court decision
法院系統(tǒng) court structure
法院組織法 judicature act
法則 articles
法哲學 philosophy of law
法制legal institution
法制傳統(tǒng) tradition of law system
法制的精神 spirit of legality
法制的尊嚴 dignity of the legal system
法制觀念 legal concept
法制觀念淡薄 very weak in the understanding of law
法制教育 legal education; education of legal system
法制史 legal history; history of legal system
法治 rule of law
法治的機制 the mechanism of rule of law
法治的要素 the element of rule of law
非實質的 immaterial
非營利的 non-profit
非約束性條款 permissive provision
廢止法律 annulment of law
分別管轄權 separate jurisdiction
分別財產(chǎn)制 separation of property regime
分別規(guī)定 separate provision
分擔責任 share the responsibility
分工負責，互相配合，互相制約 divide responsibility for their own work; coordinate their efforts and check each other
分工負責制 division of labor responsibility system
分級管理 different levels holding different responsibilities
分配制度 distribution system
分析法理學 analytical jurisprudence
否決權 power veto; veto power
否認事實 denial of facts
服從法律 amenable to law; subject to the law
服從判決 accept a judgment
符合程序 be in order
符合法律 be in conformity with law
符合憲法 constitutionality
符合憲法的法律 constitutional law
符合原則 be in conformity with the principle
蓋尤斯 Gaius
概括裁定 general verdict
概括繼承 general succession
干擾司法公正 interference with course of justice
剛性條款 entrenched clause
剛性憲法 rigid constitution
崗位責任制 post responsibility system
高等法院 high court; high court of justice
高度集中 highly centralize
高度民主 high level of democracy
高度自治權 high degree of autonomy
高級法官 senior judge
高級法院superior court
高級人民法院 Higher People’s Court
高級人民檢察院 Higher People’s Procuratortate
擱置 set aside; abeyance
格式條款 clause of style
公認的行為準則 established standard of conduct
規(guī)避法律 in fraud of law
規(guī)避義務 evade obligations
規(guī)范的法律規(guī)則 normative rule of law
規(guī)范法學 normative jurisprudence
規(guī)范性法律文件 normalizative document．nbspof law
規(guī)范性法律文件的規(guī)范化 normalization of normative legal document．
國際法international law
國際法學 international jurisprudence
過錯方 tort-feasor; wrongdoer
過錯推定原則 doctrine of presumption
過錯責任 liability for wrongs; tort liability
海事法院 court of admiralty
《漢穆拉比法典》 Code of Hammurabi
合并條款 consolidation of provisions
合法的個人財產(chǎn) legal personal property
合法地位 legal status
合法權益 the lawful rights and interests
合法行為 lawful acts; legality of purpose
合憲性 constitutionality
衡平法 equity
衡平法規(guī)則 rule of equity
衡平法學 equity jurisprudence
衡平法院 Court of Chancery (美)；Court of Equity （英）
后法取代前法 A later statute takes away the effect of a prior one.
后法優(yōu)于前法 lex posterior derogat priori
戶籍所在地：the place where his residence is registered
互為因果 reciprocal causation
基本法 fundamental law
基本法律規(guī)范 basic norm of law
基本方針 basic policies
基本權利和義務 basic rights and duties
基本司法概念和假設 basic legal conception and assumption
技術性法規(guī) technical legal rule
家庭法 family law
建立法律關系create legal relations
教會法 canon law
《教會法大全》Corpus Juris Canonici
教會法學家 decretalists
解釋法律的技術規(guī)則 technical rule of interpretation
解釋權 power of interpretation
近因 immediate cause
禁治產(chǎn)人 imbecile; interdicted person
經(jīng)常居住地：habitual residence
經(jīng)法律確認的 ascertained by law
經(jīng)法律許可 authorized by law
經(jīng)驗法學 scholastic theories of law
糾問式審判 trial by inspection or examination
具有法律約束力的文件 legally binding instrument
具有同等效力的 with equal authenticity
具有約束力的判例 binding precedent
絕對衡平法 absolute equity
君主立憲制度 constitutional monarchy
開羅會議 Cairo Conference
凱恩斯主義 keynesianism
可撤銷的法律行為 revocable juristic act
可讓與性 alienability
可用法律強制執(zhí)行的 enforceable at law
可預見的 foreseeable
可直接適用的法律 directly applicable law
可追溯的 retrospective
客觀條件 objective condition
客觀因素 objective factor
客體 object
擴充解釋 amplified interpretation
理論法理學派 theoretical jurisprudence school
理性決定說 theory of rational decision
理性認識 conceptual knowledge
歷史法學 historical jurisprudence
歷史法學派 historical school of law
歷史解釋 historical interpretation
立法機構legislative body
立法權 law-making power; legislative power
立法委任權 legislation mandate
立法效力 legislative effect
立法議案 bills
立法者 law-maker; legislator
立憲 constitutionalism
利益沖突 conflict of interests
利害關系人interested person
連帶法律關系 joint legal relations
連帶責任 joint and several obligation
論理解釋 logical interpretation
羅馬法Roman Law; Jus Romanum
羅馬法系 Roman-Law System
羅馬皇帝優(yōu)士丁尼一世 Justinian I
羅馬法理學 jurisprudential
《羅馬法律匯編》Roman Digest
羅馬法學派 school of Romanists
羅馬－日耳曼法系 Roman-Germanic family
羅馬私法 Jus Privatum
邏輯解釋 logical interpretation
馬伯里訴麥迪遜案 Marbury vs. Madison
馬克思主義法律理論 Marxism-leninism
馬克思主義法學 Marxist jurisprudence
馬克思主義法學家 Marxist jurist
沒有事實根據(jù)的 unsubstantial
美國國際法協(xié)會 American Institute of International Law
美國海事法庭 Admiralty Courts of the U.S.A.
美國聯(lián)邦地區(qū)法院 United States district courts
美國聯(lián)邦法官 federal judge
沒有法律依據(jù)的 lawless
沒有判決先例的案件 case of first impression
《民法大全》Corpus Juris Civilis
民法典 civil code
民法法系Civil-Law System
民法通則： General Principles of the Civil Law
民法學 science of civil law
民事案件中“占有優(yōu)勢證據(jù)”的原則 “by a preponderance of evidence” in civil cases
民事權利能力：the capacity for civil rights
民事權益：civil rights and interests
民事訴訟法學 Civil Procedure Law
民事制裁 civil punishment; civil sanction
民政部門：the civil affairs department
明代法規(guī) laws and regulations of Ming Dynasty
明示或默示的 express or implied
默示表達 communication by implication
拿破侖法典 The Code Napolean
內部規(guī)章 internal regulations
納妾制 concubinage
南京條約 (1843) Treaty of Nanking, 1843
擬制理論 fiction theory
擬制買賣 mancipatio
歐洲大陸法 continental law
偶然權利 contingent right
偶然因果關系 fortuitous causal relationship
偶然因素 accidentalia
偶因 accidental cause
排他的權利 right to exclude all others
派生的權利 derived right
派生取得 derivative acquisition
判例法系 Case Law System
普通法法系 Common-Law System
判例法系 Case Law System
判例匯編 reports; reports of judgments
普通法 common law
普通法法系 Common-Law System
普通法上的補償 common-law remedy
普通法上的過失 common-law negligence
普通法上的留置權 common-law lien
普通法學 general jurisprudence
強制辦法 coercive method
強制規(guī)定 mandatory provisions
強制性法規(guī) mandatory rule of law
強制性條款 mandatory term
侵犯財產(chǎn)權 property torts
侵權行為法 tort law
侵權責任 tortious liability
清理法規(guī) check up laws and regulations
區(qū)域性法律體系 regional system of laws
取證 obtain evidence
確權之訴 affirmative petitory action; cause for ownership affirmation
確認之訴 action for confirmation; actio confessoria
權威解釋 authentic interpretation
人法 human law, statute personalia
人格減等 capitis deminutio
人身不可侵犯 inviolability of the person
人身非財產(chǎn)關系 personal non-property relations
人身關系 personal relation
任意解釋 arbitrary interpretation
《日耳曼法》Germanic law
柔性憲法 flexible constitution
三權分立 separation of powers
善意推定 presumption of good faith
商法 commercial law
商法典 code of commerce
社會法學 sociological jurisprudence
社會關系 social relations
社會規(guī)范 social regulation
社會連帶主義法學 social solidarism jurisprudence
社會契約論 theory of social contract
社會團體：social organization
社會主義法學 socialist jurisprudence
社會主義法制 socialist legal system; socialist rule of law
神法 divine law
神權說 theory of divine right
審查制度 censorship; inspection system
審計監(jiān)督 supervise through auditing
審計監(jiān)督權 power to supervise through auditing
生效條款 operative clause
失效法律 expired laws
失效日 expiry date
施行細則 implementary provisions
實證主義法學派 the positivist school
《十二表法》 Twelve Tables
實體法 material law; substantial law
實體法上的抗辯 substantial defense
實體權利 substantive right
實用主義法學 judicial pragmaticism
實在法 positive law
實在法學 positive jurisprudence
實在法學派 positivist
實在主義法學 positivist jurisprudence
實證法學 positive jurisprudence
實質條款 material stipulation
實質性的瑕疵 defect of substance
實質性解釋 material interpretation
事實的推定 presumption of fact
事業(yè)單位：institution
適用法律 reference to the law; applicable law
適用范圍 area of application; sphere of application
適用中國法律：be governed by the law of PRC (The law of PRC shall apply to)
溯及既往原則 doctrine of retroactivity
溯及力 retrospect; retrospective effect
損害賠償 damages
梭倫 Solon
彈性憲法 elastic constitution
特別程序 special procedure
特別但書 special proviso
特別法 special law
特殊主體 special subject
提案motion; overture; proposal
提出抗辯 raise a plea; raise a plead
條約法 law of treaties
同態(tài)復仇 retaliation
推定合法presumption of legality
停止生效cease to have effect
外國法 foreign law
外國法制史 foreign legal history
外國人待遇 foreigner treatment
完全民事權利能力：full capacity for civil conduct
完全喪失行為能力的人 person entirely incapable of legal transaction
完全無行為能力 absolute disability
萬民法 jus gentium
違法構成要件 essential condition of delict
違憲 violation of constitution
烏爾比安 Ulpianus
無國籍人：stateless persons
無條件解釋 unconditional interpretation
無效的法律 void law
無效法律行為 void act; act without legal effect
物權 property
西塞羅 Marcus Tullius Cicero
習慣法custom law
細則 detailed rules and regulations; details by-laws
狹義解釋 narrow definition
下文另有規(guī)定者除外 except as hereinafter provided
先決條件 precedent condition; prerequisite
現(xiàn)實主義法學 realism jurisprudence
現(xiàn)行法律 current law; existing law
限制解釋 restrictive interpretation
憲法的解釋 interpretation of constitution
憲法修正案 constitution amendment
憲法學 constitutional jurisprudence
相對主義法學 relativist jurisprudence
新分析法學 new analytical jurisprudence
新律 New Law , Novellae
行為規(guī)范 code of conduct
學說編纂 the Pandekta
形式主義法學 formalist jurisprudence
亞里士多德 Aristotle
嚴格解釋 strict interpretation
嚴重不法行為 aggravated misconduct; gross misbehavior
嚴重違法 break the law on a serious scale
要件 important condition; essential condition
一般客體 general object
一般權利能力 general legal capacity
一般主體 general subject
一事不再理的保證 guarantee against double jeorpardy
依法辦案 handle cases according to law
依法獨立行使職權 independent exercise of powers within the framework of the law
依照法律的規(guī)定 as prescribed by law
以法律為準繩 take law as the criterion
依法治國 genuine rule of law; running the country according to law
義務性規(guī)范 obligatory rule
義務主體 subject of duty
英美法系 Anglo-American Legal System
永恒法 eternal law
優(yōu)士丁尼法典 the Codex Justinianus
優(yōu)士丁尼皇帝 Justinian
《優(yōu)士丁尼民法大全》（《國法大全》）Corpus Juris Civilis
有法必依 ensure that laws are observed
有法律約束力 legally binding
有條件解釋 conditional interpretation
有效期間 time of effect; term of validity
與法律規(guī)定不符 against the forms of the statute
與法律相抵觸的行為act going against the law
域外效力 extraterritorial effect
援引法律條文 invoke a legal provision
（古羅馬的）元老院 the Senate
約束力 binding; binding effect
在法律的范圍內 within the law
暫行條例interim regulations; provisional regulation
整體法學 integrative jurisprudence
正當權益 justified rights; legitimate interests
正式解釋 official interpretation
正式淵源 formal source
政法學院 institute of political science and law
知法犯法 deliberately break the law
執(zhí)法必嚴 ensure that law’s enforcement be strict
執(zhí)法人員 law enforcement officials
執(zhí)行權 enforcement power
直接故意 actual intent; direct intent
直接后果 immediate consequence
直接客體 direct object
直接主體 direct subject
制定法 statute
制憲權constituent power
治外法權 extraterritoriality; extraterritorial jurisdiction
中端時效 interrupt the running of the statute of limitation
中國大陸的法律 law of China’s mainland
中國法制 Chinese legal system
中國法制史 Chinese legal history
中國特色的社會主義法制 socialist legal system with Chinese character
中華法系 Chinese legal system
《中華人民共和國香港特別行政區(qū)基本法》the Basic law of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China
主要法律體系principal legal system
自然法 natural law
自然法學派 natural law school
組成合議庭開庭審理：form a collegial panel to conduct the trial
最高國家權力機關 highest organ of state power
最高人民法院的解釋 interpretation of supreme people’s court
遵循先例原則 The Doctrine of Stare
作為或不作為 act or omission
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