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使大家了解英詩(shī),并能欣賞,請(qǐng)大家學(xué)習(xí)以下四個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容:詩(shī)的格律、詩(shī)的押韻、詩(shī)的體式、詩(shī)的評(píng)判。 一、 詩(shī)的格律 格律是是每個(gè)音步輕重音節(jié)排列的格式,也是朗讀時(shí)輕重音的依據(jù)。而音步是由重讀音節(jié)和非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成的詩(shī)的分析單位。重讀音節(jié)為揚(yáng)(重),非重讀音節(jié)為抑(輕),音步之間可用“/”隔開。以下是五種常見格式: 1. 抑揚(yáng)格(輕重格)Iambus:是最常見的一種格式,每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。 As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass, So deep / in luve / am I : And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear, Till a` / the seas / gang dry: 注: art=are thou=you luve=love thee[thou的賓格] bonnie=beautifl a`=all gang=go 上例中為四音步與三音步交叉。 2.揚(yáng)抑格(重輕格)Trochee:每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。 下例中為四音步揚(yáng)抑格(少一個(gè)輕音節(jié))。 Tiger!/ Tiger!/ burning / bright In the / forests / of the / night 3. 抑抑揚(yáng)格(輕輕重格)Anapaestic foot: 每個(gè)音步由兩個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。如:三音步抑抑揚(yáng)格 Like a child / from the womb, Like a ghost / from the tomb, I arise / and unbuild / it again. 4. 揚(yáng)抑抑格(重輕輕格)Dactylic foot: 每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)加兩個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。如:兩音步揚(yáng)抑抑格 ˊTouch her not / scornfully, ˊThink of her / mournfully. 5. 抑揚(yáng)抑格(輕重輕格)Amphibrach:每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)再加一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。如:三音步抑揚(yáng)抑格) 下例中雙音步為抑揚(yáng)格。 O hush thee / my baby / thy sire was / a knight. 在同一首詩(shī)中常會(huì)出現(xiàn)不同的格律,格律解析對(duì)朗讀詩(shī)歌有一定參考價(jià)值。現(xiàn)代詩(shī)中常不遵守規(guī)范的格律。 二、 詩(shī)的押韻 押韻是指通過重復(fù)元音或輔音以達(dá)到一定音韻效果的詩(shī)歌寫作手法。 1. 尾韻:最常見,最重要的押韻方式。 1) 聯(lián)韻:aabb型。 I shot an arrow into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where; For, so swiftly it flew, the sight Could not follow it in its flight. 2) 交叉韻:abab型。 Sunset and evening star, And one clear call for me! And may there be no moaning of the bar, When I put out to sea, 3) 同韻:有的詩(shī)押韻,一韻到底,大多是在同一節(jié)詩(shī)中共用一個(gè)韻腳。如下例就共用/i:p/為韻腳。 The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. 2. 頭韻:是指一行(節(jié))詩(shī)中幾個(gè)詞開頭的輔音相同,形成押韻。下例中運(yùn)用/f/、/b/與/s/頭韻生動(dòng)寫出了船在海上輕快航行的景象。 The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free, We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea. 3.內(nèi)韻(同元音):指詞與詞之間元音的重復(fù)形成的內(nèi)部押韻。 下面一節(jié)詩(shī)中/i/及/iη/重復(fù)照應(yīng),呈現(xiàn)出一派歡樂祥和的氣氛。 Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king; Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing: Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo! 三、 詩(shī)的體式 有的詩(shī)分成幾節(jié)(stanza),每節(jié)由若干詩(shī)行組成(每行詩(shī)均以大寫字母開頭);有的詩(shī)則不分節(jié)。
death be not proud
Death, be not proud, though some have called thee Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so; For those whom thou think’st thou dost overthrow Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me. From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be, Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow, And soonest our best men with thee do go, Rest of their bones, and soul’s delivery. Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men, And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell, And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well And better than thy stroke; why swell’st thou then? One short sleep past, we wake eternally And death shall be no more; Death, thou shall die.
在感情的表達(dá)上,他的詩(shī)歌力求避免感傷情調(diào),把感情容入“玄思”之中,因此,倍受英美現(xiàn)代派詩(shī)人的推崇。 多恩寫過一些宗教詩(shī)。在這些詩(shī)歌中,他探索自己的內(nèi)心世界,表達(dá)他對(duì)宗教,乃至人生的看法!端劳,不要驕傲》正是這類詩(shī)歌中的一首。 這是一首意大利體的十四行詩(shī)。詩(shī)的起句突兀,表達(dá)了對(duì)死神的嘲笑和蔑視。死亡是人生的終結(jié),許多人對(duì)死亡表現(xiàn)出極度的恐懼,把死亡同黑暗的地獄聯(lián)系在一起。然而,在多恩看來,死亡并沒有什么可怕之處。他把死亡看作睡眠,看作是通向“永遠(yuǎn)覺醒”的必經(jīng)之路。死亡只是從有限的生命通向永恒的過程。這種思想并非多恩特有,因?yàn)樵谏勘葋喌摹豆防滋亍贰吧孢是死亡”這一著名的內(nèi)心獨(dú)白中,莎士比亞也曾根據(jù)西方人的宗教思想把死亡比作睡眠,但是,把死神作為無能而又自傲的形象進(jìn)行如此淋漓盡致的譏諷,恐怕只有出現(xiàn)在多恩的作品中。 這首詩(shī)說理多于抒情。從詩(shī)的結(jié)構(gòu)來看,第一、二行“死亡,不要驕傲,雖然有人說你/強(qiáng)大而又可怖,而你并不真的這樣”,是論點(diǎn),而第二行到第八行是論據(jù),說明死亡沒有什么可怕,死亡同睡眠沒有多少不同,都可以使人“獲得身體的休息,靈魂的解脫”。第九、十行指出死神的無能,而第十一、二行說明死神并沒有什么獨(dú)特之處,沒有什么可資驕傲的理由。這四行進(jìn)一步提供論據(jù),來支持詩(shī)人的論點(diǎn)。第十三、四行則是結(jié)論。雖然這首詩(shī)有很強(qiáng)的論說性,但表達(dá)了詩(shī)人對(duì)死神的蔑視 和無畏之情。情與理的結(jié)合使詩(shī)本身具有有說服力,而比喻的運(yùn)用使這篇說理的詩(shī)生動(dòng)。整個(gè)詩(shī)作鏗鏘有力,富于陽剛之氣
英詩(shī)欣賞 EAGLE ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON (1809~1892) He clasps the crag with crooked hands; Close to the sun in lonely lands, Ringed with the azure world, he stands. The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls
這首詩(shī)共有兩節(jié)六行,首節(jié)韻律:aaa;第二節(jié)韻律:bbb。這短短的六行詩(shī),生動(dòng)地刻劃出鷹的王者特質(zhì)。 首節(jié)三行寫鷹的靜謐、高孤而尊貴的神態(tài)。作者以he、hands、stands分別取代it、claws(爪)、和perches(棲息),擬人(personification)的手法,使讀者感到鷹的非比尋常。更何況它像王者一般獨(dú)居(in lonely lands) 巉巖,有青天環(huán)繞(Ringed with the azure world),與白日相親(Close to the sun)。首行/k/和/kr/的雙音鏗鏘地有力地暗示出鷹的遒勁。 后三行寫鷹的動(dòng)感神態(tài)。作者仍舊以周圍環(huán)境襯托出鷹的威儀。從高踞山墻之內(nèi)的鷹眼看來,洶涌的波濤不過是皺紋,在它腳下蠕動(dòng)。閃電般的俯沖既是寫實(shí),也顯示出鷹的神威,因?yàn)楣糯纳癯R岳纂姙樾塘P工具,懲戒邪惡。 這首短詩(shī)的三、六兩行各以掉尾句(periodic sentence)結(jié)束。給人以雄渾、踏實(shí)的感覺,生動(dòng)刻畫出詩(shī)中所描述的鷹的王者風(fēng)范
十四行詩(shī) (Sonnet),源于中世紀(jì)民間抒情短詩(shī),十三、十四世紀(jì)流行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)為代表人物,每行十一個(gè)音節(jié),全詩(shī)一節(jié)八行,加一節(jié)六行,韻腳用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提問,后六行回答。 后來,懷亞特(Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542)將十四行詩(shī)引人英國(guó),五音步抑揚(yáng)格,全詩(shī)三個(gè)四行一個(gè)二行,前三節(jié)提問,后二句結(jié)論。 斯賓塞(Edmund Spenser,1552-1599)用韻腳 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亞(William Shakespeare,1564-1616)用韻腳abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,稱英國(guó)式或莎士比亞式。
Oh, Captain! My Captain By Walt Whitman Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done, The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is worn, The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring; Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done, The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is worn, The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring; But O heart! heart! heart! O the bleeding drops of red! Where on the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.
O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells; Rise up--for you the flag is flung--for you the bugle trills, For you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths--for you the shores crowding, For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning; Here, Captain! dear father! This arm beneath your head; It is some dream that on the deck You've fallen cold and dead.
My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still, My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse or will; The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done; From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won; Exult, O Shores! and ring, O bell! But I, with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.
船長(zhǎng)!我的船長(zhǎng)! 瓦爾特•惠特曼
啊, 船長(zhǎng)!我的船長(zhǎng)!可怕的航程已完成; 這船歷盡風(fēng)險(xiǎn),企求的目標(biāo)已達(dá)成。 港口在望,鐘聲響,人們?cè)跉g欣。 千萬雙眼睛注視著船----平穩(wěn),勇敢,堅(jiān)定。 但是痛心。⊥葱!痛心! 瞧一滴滴鮮紅的血! 甲板上躺著我的船長(zhǎng), 他到下去,冰冷,永別。
啊, 船長(zhǎng)!我的船長(zhǎng)!起來吧,傾聽鐘聲; 起來吧,號(hào)角為您長(zhǎng)鳴,旌旗為您高懸; 迎著您,多少花束花圈----候著您,千萬人蜂擁岸邊; 他們向您高呼,擁來擠去,仰起殷切的臉; 啊,船長(zhǎng)!親愛的父親! 我的手臂托著您的頭! 莫非是一場(chǎng)夢(mèng):在甲板上 您到下去,冰冷,永別。
我的船長(zhǎng)不作聲,嘴唇慘白,毫不動(dòng)彈; 我的父親沒感到我的手臂,沒有脈搏,沒有遺言; 船舶拋錨停下,平安抵達(dá);航程終了; 歷經(jīng)艱險(xiǎn)返航,奪得勝利目標(biāo)。 啊,岸上鐘聲齊鳴,啊,人們一片歡騰! 但是,我在甲板上,在船長(zhǎng)身旁, 心悲切,步履沉重。
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