|
|
|
| |
|
第一部分：數(shù)詞的譯法
一、數(shù)字增減的譯法：
1.句式特征：by＋名詞＋比較級(jí)＋than
The wire is by three inches longer than that one.這根導(dǎo)線比那根長(zhǎng)3英寸。
2.句式特征：表示增減意義的動(dòng)詞＋to+n.譯為：增加到。。。。或減少到。。。。
Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金屬切割機(jī)已經(jīng)減少到50臺(tái)。
二、百分?jǐn)?shù)增減的表示法與譯法
1.句式特征：表示增減意義的動(dòng)詞＋％
The output value has increased 35%.產(chǎn)值增加了35％
2.句式特征：表示增減意義的動(dòng)詞＋by＋％
Retail salses should rise by 8%商品零售額應(yīng)增加3％
The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本減少60％
3.句式特征：表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞＋to+%表示減少后剩余的數(shù)量
By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用這種新工藝，鐵的損失量減少到20％
4.句式特征：％＋ 比較級(jí) ＋than表示凈增減的數(shù)量
Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售額與去年相比，有望增加9％。
5.句式特征：％ ＋ 比較級(jí) ＋ 名詞表示凈減數(shù)
The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied. 新型機(jī)械能耗量?jī)魷p10％
6.句式特征：a + % + increase表示凈增數(shù)
There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.與去年相比，今年鋼產(chǎn)量?jī)粼?0％
7.句式特征：％+ (of) 名詞（代詞）表示凈減數(shù)，數(shù)字n照譯
The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年產(chǎn)值僅為去年的60％
8.句式特征：%＋up on 或over表示凈增數(shù)
The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年糧食產(chǎn)量比1978年凈增20％。
第二部分 倍數(shù)增加的表示法及譯法
漢語(yǔ)表示“增加了幾倍”時(shí)，英語(yǔ)的倍數(shù)表示倍數(shù)需減一，譯成“增加了n-1倍”以表示凈增加數(shù)。如果譯成“增加到n倍”或“為原來(lái)的n倍”，則照譯不誤。
1.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞＋n times“表示成倍地增長(zhǎng)，譯成”增加到N倍“或”增加n-1倍“
注：1倍 once; 2倍twice（或double）；3倍thrice（或three times）
2.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞＋ｂｙ＋ n times，該句式與上述相同
3.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞＋to＋ n times表示增加到N倍，譯成”增加了n-1倍“
4.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞＋by a factor of ＋ n times
5.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞＋比較級(jí)＋by a factor of ＋ n times表示增加以后達(dá)到的倍數(shù)，譯成”比。。。。。。大（長(zhǎng)、寬。。。）N-1倍“
6.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞＋ n times＋比較級(jí)＋than。。。。。
7.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞＋ n times +adj./adv. +as....
8.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞＋a ＋ n times(或n-fold) ＋increase.......表示增加到N倍，譯成”增加了N－1倍“
9.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞＋as + adj./adv.+ again as.....譯成”比。。。。大（長(zhǎng)、寬。。。。倍）“
例子： Line A is as long again as line B. A線比B線長(zhǎng)1倍。
This machine turns half as fast again as that one.這臺(tái)機(jī)器轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)比那臺(tái)機(jī)器快半倍。
10.句式特點(diǎn)：表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞＋half as + adj./adv.+ again as.....譯成”比。。。。大（長(zhǎng)、寬。。。。半倍）“
11. 句式特點(diǎn)：用double表示倍數(shù)，譯成”等于.....的2倍“或”增加了1倍“
12.句式特點(diǎn)：用treble表示倍數(shù)增加，譯成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“
13.句式特點(diǎn)：用quadruple表示倍數(shù)增加，譯成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“
第三部分 倍數(shù)減少的表示方法
倍數(shù)減少在英譯時(shí)，需把倍數(shù)換算成分?jǐn)?shù)。成幾倍減少，可以改譯成”減少到1/N“或減少了”N-1/N“。而減少了N倍，可改譯成”減少到1/N＋1“或”減少了N/N+1“。
1.句式特點(diǎn)：表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞＋N times表示成N倍減少，譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
The length of laser tube was reduced ten times.激光管的長(zhǎng)度縮短了十分之九。
2.句式特點(diǎn)：表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞＋by＋N times表示成N倍減少，譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
The bandwith was reduced by two times.帶寬減少了二分之一。
3.句式特點(diǎn)：表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞＋by a factor of + N times表示成N倍減少，譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
4.句式特點(diǎn)：表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞＋a-N times(N-fold)+ reduction譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
The principal advantage over the old-fashioned machine is a four-fold reduction in weight.與舊式機(jī)器比，主要特點(diǎn)是重量減少了四分之三。
5.句式特點(diǎn)：表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞＋N times＋as + adj./adv. .....譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
6.句式特點(diǎn)：表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞＋N times+ 比較級(jí)＋ than表示減少了N倍，譯成”減少到1/N＋1”或“減少了1/N＋1“
The plastic container is five times lighter than that glass one.這個(gè)塑料容器比那個(gè)玻璃容器輕六分之五。
英語(yǔ)倍數(shù)句型及其譯法
英語(yǔ)表示倍數(shù)增減或倍數(shù)對(duì)比的句型多種多樣，其中有 一些（如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、（12） 等， 見圈碼）很容易譯錯(cuò)——其主要原因在于：英漢兩語(yǔ)在
表述或?qū)Ρ缺稊?shù)方面存在著語(yǔ)言與思維差異。現(xiàn)將常 用的英語(yǔ)倍數(shù)句型及其正確譯法歸納如下：
倍數(shù)增加
(一) A is n times as great（long，much，…）as B.（①）
A is n times greater （longer， more，…）than B.（②）
A is n times the size （length， amount，…）of B.(③)
以上三句都應(yīng)譯為；A的大�。ㄩL(zhǎng)度，數(shù)量，……）是B的n倍[或A比B大（長(zhǎng)，多，……）n-1倍].
Eg. This book is three times as long as （three times longer than，three
times the length of ）that one.
這本書的篇幅是那本書的3倍（即長(zhǎng)兩倍）。
注：當(dāng)相比的對(duì)象B很明顯時(shí)，than（as，of）B常被省去。
（二）increase to n times（④）
increase n times／n-fold（⑤）
increase by n times（⑥）
increase by a factor of n（⑦）
以上四式均應(yīng)譯為：增加到n倍（或：增加n-1倍）。
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times
as compared with last year.
集成電路的產(chǎn)量比去年增加了兩倍。
Eg. The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against
l986．
化肥產(chǎn)量比1986年增加了4倍。
Eg. That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.
那可使代謝率提高到原來(lái)的2倍或3倍（即提高1倍或2倍）。
Eg. The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.
漏電壓增加了3借（即增加到原來(lái)的4倍）。
注：在這類句型中increase常被raise，grow，go/step up，multiply等詞所替代。
（三）There is a n-fold increase/growth…（⑧）
應(yīng)譯為：增加n-倍（或增至n倍）。這個(gè)句型還有其它一些形式：
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported.
據(jù)報(bào)道,價(jià)值破記錄地增長(zhǎng)了3倍。
（四）double (增加1倍），treble（增加2倍），quadruple（增加3倍）。(⑨)
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled．
這些機(jī)器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。
（五）此外，英語(yǔ)中還有一種用again而不用倍數(shù)詞來(lái)比較倍數(shù)的方法，如：
A is as much （large，long，…）again as B.（= A is twice as much （large，long，…）as
B.（⑩）
應(yīng)譯為：A比B多（大，長(zhǎng)，……）1倍。
A is half as much （large， 1ong，…)again as B.
【= A is one and a half times as much （large， 1ong，…）as B.】（11）
應(yīng)譯為:A比B多（大，長(zhǎng)……）一半（即A是B的一倍半）。
倍數(shù)減少
（一）A is n times as small （light，slow，…）as B.（12）
A is n times smaller （lighter， slower，…) than B.（13）
以上兩句均應(yīng)譯為：A的大�。ㄖ亓浚俣�，……）是B的1/n[或A比B�。ㄝp，慢，……）（n-1）/n]。
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom.
氫原子的重量約為氧原子的1/16（即比氧原子約輕15/16）。
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.
這種薄膜比普通紙張要薄一半（即是普通紙厚度的1/2）。
注：當(dāng)相比的對(duì)象B很明顯時(shí)，than/as B常被省去。
（二）decrease n times/n--fold （14）
decrease by n times（15）
decrease by a factor of n（16）
以上三式均譯為：減少到1/n[或：減少(n-1)/n]。
decrease常被reduce， shorten， go／slow down等詞替代。
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.
新型晶體管的開關(guān)時(shí)間縮短了1/3（即縮短到2/3）。
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times， the strength of the current
is stepped down by ten times.
電壓升高9倍，電流強(qiáng)度便降低9/10（即90％）。
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.
該設(shè)備誤差概率降低了4/5。
（三）There is a n-fold decrease/reduction…
應(yīng)譯為：減至1/n [或：減少（n一1）/n]。（17）
這個(gè)句型還有其它一些形式，
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed．
發(fā)現(xiàn)迅速減少到1/7。
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in
weight.
這些產(chǎn)品的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是重量減輕了1/2。
從上列倍數(shù)增減句型及其譯法中不難看出：與漢語(yǔ)不 同的是，英語(yǔ)在表述或比較倍數(shù)時(shí)，無(wú)論使用什么句 型（除了不含倍數(shù)詞的again句型外）都包括基礎(chǔ)倍
數(shù)在內(nèi)，因此都不是凈增或凈減n倍，而是凈增或 凈減n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍數(shù)增量=句型④； 句型(13)表示的倍數(shù)比差＝句型12，且decrease（by）
3 times應(yīng)譯為“減少2/3”，而不是“減少3/4”。
第四部分 動(dòng)詞的使動(dòng)用法
動(dòng)詞是英語(yǔ)中詞類中最為活躍的成分，至今對(duì)于動(dòng)詞的使用我一直是膽戰(zhàn)心驚的，現(xiàn)介紹一些使動(dòng)用法共勉。
1.I slowly walked my horse up the hill.我慢慢地帶馬上山。
2.The ran the ship aground.他們把船開到灘上去了。
3.The swam their horses in the river.他們使馬泅水渡河。
4.I laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.我躺下來(lái)好讓疲憊的腿休息一下。
5.They rode out the storm.他們安然渡過風(fēng)暴
其實(shí)，研究動(dòng)詞個(gè)人認(rèn)為，要把握后面有無(wú)賓語(yǔ)；賓語(yǔ)是人還是物；是什么樣的賓語(yǔ)。歡迎網(wǎng)友探討，動(dòng)詞的學(xué)習(xí)研討方法。
第五部分 同系賓語(yǔ)
1. I dreamed a strange dream.
2.He slept the sleep that knows no waking.
3.I have fought a good fight.
一、在同系賓語(yǔ)上附有修飾形容詞時(shí)，通�？蓳Q成態(tài)度副詞。
live a long life = live long;
live a happy life = live happily;
die a national death = die nationally;
die a violent death = die by violence
二、有的賓語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞不同語(yǔ)源，但意義相通，也可以視為同類。
run a race; run a course; run one's career;
fight a battle; blow a gale; strike a blow;
ring a peal; wreak one's vengeance
三、以it構(gòu)成的類型：
I am determined to fight it out。我決心奮斗到底。
He is starring it in the provinces.他到各地巡回演出。
We had to walk it in the rain.我們不得不冒雨而行。
Can't you swim it?你游不過去嗎？
四、在某些熟語(yǔ)中可將同系賓語(yǔ)省略，如look thanks = look a look of thanks
He looked the thanks he could not express.他眼中現(xiàn)出言語(yǔ)無(wú)法表達(dá)的感謝。
She left the room, looking daggers at me.她以短劍相刺的目光望著我，走出了房間。
五、最高級(jí)形容詞后，可以省略同系賓語(yǔ)。
The lady was looking her best(look).
She sang her sweest(song) to please him.
第六部分 一組詞組
1.all＋抽象名詞/抽象名詞＋itself ＝ very + adj.
He was all gentleness to her.他對(duì)她非常溫存。
To his superiors, he is humility itself。對(duì)于長(zhǎng)輩，他極為謙遜。
分析：該結(jié)構(gòu)原來(lái)是表示某種性質(zhì)達(dá)到極點(diǎn)的一種說(shuō)法，有“非�！�、“盡管”、“一味”、“盡”的含義，有時(shí)甚至可以譯為“。。。。的化身”、“。。。。的具體化”。普通復(fù)數(shù)名詞用于“all”之后，也是表達(dá)這種概念。
He is all smiles.他一味地笑。
She is all eyes.她盯著看。
I am all anxiety.我真擔(dān)心。
He is all attention.他全神貫注地聽著。
2.Something (much) of / nothing (little) of
Mr.Li is something of a philospher.李先生略具哲學(xué)家風(fēng)范。
Mr. Wu is nothing of a musician.吳先生全無(wú)音樂家的風(fēng)味。
Mr. Lu is very much of a poet.陸先生大有詩(shī)人氣派。
Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.劉先生幾無(wú)學(xué)者風(fēng)度。
分析：此為表示“程度”的形容詞短語(yǔ)，有時(shí)可以當(dāng)作副詞翻譯。
Something of ＝to some extent（某程度），在問句和條件句中則用anyting of（略有、多少）。nothing of譯作“全無(wú)、毫無(wú)”。
相類似的情況：
to be something of = to have something of + 名詞＋in ＋代名詞
He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫無(wú)演說(shuō)家的才能。
這類名詞的用法，可以處理為副詞。
He has seen something of life.他略具閱歷。他稍閱世。
Something of 與something like區(qū)別：程度上有差異。
something like ＝ something approximateing in character or amount指數(shù)量或性質(zhì)略同的事物，又作somewhat(似乎、略微)解釋。
This is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。
It shaped something like a cigar.其形狀略似雪茄。
3.as...as 的三種用法;
（1）He is as kind as his sister.他象他妹妹一樣和藹。
（2）He is as kind as honest.他既誠(chéng)實(shí)又和藹。
（3）He ia as kind as his sister is honest.他妹妹誠(chéng)實(shí)，而他和藹。
句式1表示兩個(gè)不同的人相同的性質(zhì)；
句式2表示同一個(gè)人不同的性質(zhì)；
句式3表示兩個(gè)人的不同性質(zhì)。該句式中第一個(gè)as為之時(shí)副詞，第二個(gè)as為連詞。所以，第一個(gè)as后面為adj./adv.，而第二個(gè)as后面為從句。
4.as......as any / as .....as ever
He is as great a statesman as any = He is as great a statesman as ever lived.他是一位稀有的政治家。
5.as.....as.....can be
It is as plain as plain can be （may be）.那是再明白不過了。
A lot of these boys were green as green can be.這些男孩許多都是精力充沛無(wú)以復(fù)加的。
6.as......., so............
As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.憂能傷人，猶如銹之蝕鐵。
SO相當(dāng)于in the same proportion; in like manner; in the same way(亦復(fù)如此)。為加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，也可以在as前面加上just一詞。
As fire tries gold, so does adversity try courage.正如火能試金，逆境可以試人的勇氣。
As the human body is nourished by the food, so is a nation nourished by its industries.正像身體要靠食物營(yíng)養(yǎng)一樣，國(guó)家要靠工業(yè)營(yíng)養(yǎng)。
7.It is in (or with)........as in (or with)......
It is in life as in a journey.人生好比旅途。
It is in studying as in eating; he who does it gets the benefits, and not he who sees it done.讀書和吃飯一樣，得到利益的是那些實(shí)際在吃的人，而不是旁觀的人。
It is in mind as in body which must be nourished by good food.精神和身體都必須有好的食物來(lái)營(yíng)養(yǎng)。
8.as good as / as well as
It is as goos as done.這就和做好了一樣。
It is broad as well as long.那既長(zhǎng)且寬。
as good as 有兩個(gè)含義：
（1）amounting to not falling short of;等于；同樣； 幾如；； 不欠缺
He was as good as his word.他不爽約。
（2）virtually; essentially; in every essential respect實(shí)際上；其實(shí)；實(shí)在；在各要點(diǎn)上
He is as good as dead already.宛如死人；行尸走肉；名存實(shí)亡
as well as 有四個(gè)含義：
（1）no less than; equally with等于；不下于；亦；一樣好
I have understanding as well as you.
（2）both....and..;one equally with the other“與”、“兩者皆”
Work in moderation is healthy as well as agreeable to the human constitution.適度勞動(dòng)對(duì)身體給予快感，又有益衛(wèi)生。
（3）與not only....but also有連帶關(guān)系
He has experience as well as knowledge.= He has not only knowledge but also experience.
（4）可以代替better than
As well (= better) be hanged for a sheep as ( = than) for a lamb.竊鉤如竊國(guó)，與其盜小羊。
9.As it is
其含義為：as it stands; to state the matter as it really stands; as a matter of fact; in reality.相當(dāng)于：實(shí)際上；就實(shí)際情況而言；根據(jù)（現(xiàn)在）情況看；就現(xiàn)在這個(gè)樣子等等。它用來(lái)指事物的單數(shù)；即指前面的單數(shù)名詞。如果指事物的復(fù)數(shù)，則用“As they are”。如果用來(lái)指人時(shí)，則為as I am / you are / she/ he is/ we are / they are.as it is 的過去式為as it was。其位置可以放在句首，句末或句子中間。
（1）用于句首，注意前后時(shí)態(tài)與該結(jié)構(gòu)保持一致
As it is, we can not help him.
As it was, we could not help him.
（2）用于句末
Let's keep it as it is.
You mustn't go to the ball as you are.你不能這樣去參加舞會(huì)。
有時(shí)it可以省略為“as is ”，意即：照現(xiàn)在的樣子，常指“不再修理或改進(jìn)”等情況。
He has an old radio as is.他有一臺(tái)沒有修理過的舊收音機(jī)。
I‘ll sell it to you as is, but don't complain if it doesn't work.
（3）句中時(shí)，用逗號(hào)把它從前后隔開
A.虛擬語(yǔ)氣句式＋but ＋as it is / was，該結(jié)構(gòu)意為：其實(shí)；事實(shí)上
I thought things would get better, but as it is, they are getting worse and worse.
The rice could have been got in yesterdy if the weather had been fine, but as it was, it had to be left in the fields.
B.過去分詞＋as it is，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)前面的過去分詞
Written as it is in an interesting way, this book is enjoyable to young and old alike.
Published as it was at such a time, his work attrached much attention.
C.現(xiàn)在分詞＋ as it does(did)。意為：因?yàn)檫@樣，（實(shí)際）所以.........
Living as he does in Shanghai, he knows the place extremely well.
Reading as he did many times, he could recite it fluently.
幾個(gè)類似的結(jié)構(gòu)：
A. as it stands 根據(jù)目前情況來(lái)看
As it stands, it is certain that our country can realize the four modernization ahead of schedule.
B. such as it is不怎么樣，質(zhì)量不過如此
The room, such as it is, is very bright.
C. as it were ＝as if it were so.屬虛擬語(yǔ)氣，用于插入語(yǔ)。不可以與as it is 混淆
He is , as it were, a living dictionary.
Comrade Lei Feng still lives, as it were , in our heart.
|
|
| |
|
|
|
