翻譯工作者憲章
本憲章于1963年9月在杜布羅夫尼克（南斯拉夫）召開(kāi)的國(guó)際翻譯工作者聯(lián)合會(huì)（國(guó)際譯聯(lián)）第四次代表大會(huì)上通過(guò)。當(dāng)時(shí)參加國(guó)際譯聯(lián)的有23個(gè)國(guó)家的翻譯工作者團(tuán)體。
國(guó)際翻譯工作者聯(lián)合會(huì)認(rèn)為，翻譯工作在當(dāng)代世界被看作是一種經(jīng)常、普遍和必不可少的活動(dòng)形式；翻譯工作能夠使各國(guó)人民進(jìn)行精神與物質(zhì)上的交流，豐富各國(guó)人民的生活，促進(jìn)人們之間的了解；盡管從事翻譯工作的環(huán)境各有不同，但當(dāng)前必須把翻譯工作看作是一種固定、獨(dú)立的職業(yè)。
希望以正式文件的形式，闡明與翻譯工作者的職業(yè)密切相關(guān)的幾項(xiàng)共同原則，以便著重指出翻譯工作的社會(huì)職能，明確翻譯工作者的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，奠定翻譯工作者道德規(guī)范的基礎(chǔ)，改善翻譯工作者從事翻譯工作的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件與社會(huì)環(huán)境，為翻譯工作者及其職業(yè)團(tuán)體提供某些活動(dòng)方針，借以肯定翻譯工作是一種固定、獨(dú)立的職業(yè)。有鑒于此，國(guó)際翻譯工作者聯(lián)合會(huì)特公布本憲章，作為翻譯工作者從事翻譯活動(dòng)的指針。
第一章 翻譯工作者的義務(wù)
1、 翻譯工作作為一種腦力勞動(dòng)其目的是將文學(xué)、科學(xué)方面的材料從一種語(yǔ)言譯成另一種語(yǔ)言，從事這一工作的人承擔(dān)著由該工作性質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的特殊義務(wù)。
2、 不管翻譯工作者與使用譯文的個(gè)人和機(jī)關(guān)建立的是什么關(guān)系或合同，譯文概由翻譯工作者負(fù)責(zé)。
3、 凡是翻譯工作者不同意的或與翻譯工作者業(yè)務(wù)職責(zé)相抵觸的對(duì)原文的解釋?zhuān)g工作者應(yīng)該加以拒絕。
4、 任何譯文都應(yīng)忠實(shí)于原意，準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)原文的思想和形式，遵守這種忠實(shí)的原則是翻譯工作者法律上與道德上的義務(wù)。
5、 然而，正確的譯文不應(yīng)同逐字翻譯混為一談，因?yàn)榉g的忠實(shí)并不排除文字上的必要改變，以便使人能夠用另一種語(yǔ)言在另一個(gè)國(guó)家體會(huì)到原作的形式、氣氛及其內(nèi)在含意。
6、 翻譯工作者應(yīng)通曉原文，更重要的是要精通用來(lái)進(jìn)行翻譯的語(yǔ)言。
7、 翻譯工作者應(yīng)該知識(shí)廣博，對(duì)所譯對(duì)象應(yīng)有足夠了解，對(duì)不熟悉的工作不予承擔(dān)。
8、 翻譯工作者在職業(yè)活動(dòng)中應(yīng)該不作任何不誠(chéng)實(shí)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)；翻譯工作者不能接受低于法律專(zhuān)門(mén)決議、習(xí)慣或者他所在的職業(yè)團(tuán)體明文規(guī)定的報(bào)酬。
9、 翻譯工作者不應(yīng)該在有損于個(gè)人或職業(yè)尊嚴(yán)的條件下去尋找或接受工作。
10、 翻譯工作者應(yīng)該尊重使用譯文的個(gè)人和機(jī)關(guān)的合法利益，應(yīng)將所有在從事委托給他的翻譯工作時(shí)可能得到的資料視為職業(yè)秘密。
11、 翻譯工作者作為"再創(chuàng)造"的作者，對(duì)原作者負(fù)有特殊義務(wù)。
12、 翻譯工作者未經(jīng)原著作者或原著所有者的允許，不得翻譯該項(xiàng)著作，同時(shí)也應(yīng)該尊重作者其他各項(xiàng)權(quán)利。
第二章 翻譯工作者的權(quán)利
13、每個(gè)翻譯工作者對(duì)其譯著享有所在國(guó)給予其他腦力勞動(dòng)者所享有的一切權(quán)利。
14、譯著是腦力勞動(dòng)成果，受有關(guān)規(guī)定的法律保護(hù)。
15、翻譯工作者對(duì)其譯著享有著作權(quán)，從而享有與原著作者同樣的優(yōu)惠權(quán)益。
16、翻譯工作者對(duì)其譯著享有與作者同樣的一切道義上的權(quán)利與遺產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利。
17、翻譯工作者生前享有確認(rèn)本人為其譯著作者的權(quán)利，其中包括：
甲） 公開(kāi)利用譯者的譯文時(shí)應(yīng)該明確、清楚地提到譯者的姓名；
乙） 譯者有權(quán)反對(duì)任何歪曲、刪減或改動(dòng)其譯文的行為；
丙） 出版者或其他利用譯文的人，事先未經(jīng)譯者同意，不得對(duì)譯文進(jìn)行任何改動(dòng)；
�。� 譯者有權(quán)禁止非法利用其譯文的一切行為，有權(quán)反對(duì)損害譯者榮譽(yù)或聲望的任何活動(dòng)。
18、翻譯工作者在允許別人發(fā)表、演出、廣播、翻譯、改寫(xiě)、修改其譯文及其他以任何形式利用其譯文方面，享有特殊的決定權(quán)。
19、翻譯工作者對(duì)公開(kāi)使用其譯文有權(quán)獲得法律或合同規(guī)定的報(bào)酬。
第三章 翻譯工作者的經(jīng)濟(jì)地位和社會(huì)地位
20、翻譯工作者有權(quán)獲得能使他切實(shí)完成其所負(fù)社會(huì)任務(wù)的生活條件。
21、翻譯工作者有權(quán)從其譯著的成果中獲得利益，有權(quán)從其譯著的商務(wù)利潤(rùn)中按比例獲得報(bào)酬。
22、翻譯工作者也可以一次預(yù)訂的方式進(jìn)行；在這種情況下，不論其譯著所得商業(yè)利潤(rùn)如何，譯者都有權(quán)獲得報(bào)酬。
23、翻譯工作這項(xiàng)職業(yè)，同其他自由職業(yè)一樣，在各國(guó)都受到監(jiān)督工資、集體合同、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)合同等措施的保護(hù)。
24、各國(guó)翻譯工作者都享有腦力勞動(dòng)者享有的各種優(yōu)惠待遇，其中包括老年退休金、醫(yī)療、失業(yè)、多子女的補(bǔ)助金等各種形式的社會(huì)保障。
第四章 翻譯工作者協(xié)會(huì)或聯(lián)合會(huì)
25、翻譯工作者同其他自由職業(yè)者一樣，有權(quán)組織職業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)或聯(lián)合會(huì)。
26、這些組織的任務(wù)，除了保護(hù)翻譯工作者的物質(zhì)和精神利益外，還應(yīng)包括提高翻譯質(zhì)量和研究與翻譯有關(guān)的一切其他問(wèn)題。
27、為了草擬與翻譯工作者有關(guān)的法律措施和規(guī)則，翻譯工作者協(xié)會(huì)或聯(lián)合會(huì)可與政府機(jī)關(guān)進(jìn)行接觸。
28、翻譯工作者協(xié)會(huì)或聯(lián)合會(huì)應(yīng)盡可能與利用譯文的團(tuán)體（出版者協(xié)會(huì)、工商企業(yè)、國(guó)家與私人機(jī)關(guān)、報(bào)刊等）保持經(jīng)常聯(lián)系，以便研究和解決一些共同的課題。
29、翻譯工作者協(xié)會(huì)或聯(lián)合會(huì)為了監(jiān)督所在國(guó)的一切譯著的質(zhì)量，可與所在國(guó)的文化組織、作家聯(lián)合會(huì)、國(guó)際筆會(huì)本國(guó)分會(huì)、文學(xué)評(píng)論界、科學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)、大學(xué)、科技研究所等保持聯(lián)系。
30、翻譯工作者協(xié)會(huì)或聯(lián)合會(huì)在翻譯工作者與譯文使用者之間發(fā)生的各種爭(zhēng)執(zhí)中起仲裁人或鑒定人的作用。
31、翻譯工作者協(xié)會(huì)或聯(lián)合會(huì)可在訓(xùn)練和補(bǔ)充翻譯干部問(wèn)題上發(fā)表意見(jiàn)，也可與專(zhuān)家機(jī)構(gòu)和大學(xué)合作來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)這些任務(wù)。
32、翻譯工作者協(xié)會(huì)或聯(lián)合會(huì)應(yīng)從各個(gè)方面收集翻譯工作者感興趣的情報(bào)資料，并以圖書(shū)、合訂本、概述、通報(bào)的形式提供給翻譯工作者使用，為此，應(yīng)組織理論和實(shí)踐方面的情報(bào)服務(wù)工作，舉辦講習(xí)班，召開(kāi)會(huì)議。
第五章 全國(guó)性翻譯工作者組織和國(guó)際翻譯工作者聯(lián)合會(huì)
33、在一些同時(shí)存在著幾個(gè)按地區(qū)特點(diǎn)或按一定范圍建立起來(lái)的翻譯工作者組織的國(guó)家，最好能在保持各自獨(dú)立性的情況下，由這些組織建立一個(gè)全國(guó)性的中央組織，以聯(lián)合各組織的力量。
34、在還未建立翻譯工作者協(xié)會(huì)或聯(lián)合會(huì)的國(guó)家，則建議這些國(guó)家的翻譯工作者將自己的力量聯(lián)合起來(lái)，以便在符合所在國(guó)法律的條件下建立這種必要的組織。
35、為了在世界范圍內(nèi)達(dá)到共同的目的，建議各國(guó)翻譯工作者組織加入國(guó)際翻譯工作者聯(lián)合會(huì)。
36、翻譯工作者參加本國(guó)的翻譯團(tuán)體，以及這些團(tuán)體加入國(guó)際翻譯工作者聯(lián)合會(huì)，都出于自愿。
37、國(guó)際翻譯工作者聯(lián)合會(huì)維護(hù)翻譯工作者在國(guó)際范圍內(nèi)的物質(zhì)權(quán)利與道義權(quán)利，關(guān)心翻譯理論及實(shí)踐的發(fā)展，大力促進(jìn)全世界的文化傳播。
38、國(guó)際翻譯者聯(lián)合會(huì)在完成這些任務(wù)時(shí)，代表著全世界的翻譯工作者，同政府的、非政府的或政府之間的機(jī)關(guān)進(jìn)行接觸，參加與世界翻譯工作者和翻譯工作的利益有關(guān)的會(huì)議，出版著作，召開(kāi)或贊助召開(kāi)有關(guān)翻譯工作問(wèn)題的會(huì)議。
39、國(guó)際翻譯工作者聯(lián)合會(huì)是在國(guó)際范圍內(nèi)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行各國(guó)翻譯工作者團(tuán)體的工作，協(xié)助它們的力量，確定它們共同的行為方針。
40、加入翻譯工作者聯(lián)合會(huì)的各國(guó)翻譯工作者協(xié)會(huì)及其中央組織，為了履行其職責(zé)，要從聯(lián)合翻譯工作者的團(tuán)結(jié)情誼中，要從促進(jìn)各國(guó)人民相互了解和世界文化傳播的高質(zhì)量翻譯工作中，不斷吸取必要的力量。
Translator's Charter
(approved by the Congress at Dubrovnik in 1963 and amended in Oslo on July 9, 1994) The International Federation of Translators
noting
that translation has established itself as a permanent, universal and necessary activity in the world of today; that by making intellectual and material exchanges possible among nations it enriches their life and contributes to a better understanding amongst men; that in spite of the various circumstances under which it is practised translation must now be recognised as a distinct and autonomous profession; and
desiring
to lay down, as a formal document, certain general principles inseparably connected with the profession of translating, particularly for the purpose of
stressing the social function of translation,
laying down the rights and duties of translators,
laying the basis of a translator's code of ethics,
improving the economic conditions and social climate in which the translator carries out his activity, and
recommending certain lines of conduct for translators and their professional organisations, and to contribute in this way to the recognition of translation as a distinct and autonomous profession,
announces the text of a charter proposed to serve as guiding principles for the exercise of the profession of translator.
SECTION I
GENERAL OBLIGATIONS OF THE TRANSLATOR
1. Translation, being an intellectual activity, the object of which is the transfer of literary, scientific and technical texts from one language into another, imposes on those who practice it specific obligations inherent in its very nature.
2. A translation shall always be made on the sole responsibility of the translator, whatever the character of the relationship of contract which binds him/her to the user.
3. The translator shall refuse to give to a text an interpretation of which he/she does not approve, or which would be contrary to the obligations of his/her profession.
4. Every translation shall be faithful and render exactly the idea and form of the original – this fidelity constituting both a moral and legal obligation for the translator.
5. A faithful translation, however, should not be confused with a literal translation, the fidelity of a translation not excluding an adaptation to make the form, the atmosphere and deeper meaning of the work felt in another language and country.
6. The translator shall possess a sound knowledge of the language from which he/she translates and should, in particular, be a master of that into which he/she translates.
7. He/she must likewise have a broad general knowledge and know sufficiently well the subject matter of the translation and refrain from undertaking a translation in a field beyond his competence.
8. The translator shall refrain from any unfair competition in carrying out his profession; in particular, he/she shall strive for equitable remuneration and not accept any fee below that which may be fixed by law and regulations.
9. In general, he/she shall neither seek nor accept work under conditions humiliating to himself/herself or his/her profession.
10. The translator shall respect the legitimate interests of the user by treating as a professional secret any information which may come into his/her possession as a result of the translation entrusted to him/her.
11. Being a "secondary" author, the translator is required to accept special obligations with respect to the author of the original work.
12. He/she must obtain from the author of the original work or from the user authorization to translate a work, and must furthermore respect all other rights vested in the author.
SECTION II
RIGHTS OF THE TRANSLATOR
13. Every translator shall enjoy all the rights with respect to the translation he/she has made, which the country where he/she exercises his/her activities grants to other intellectual workers.
14. A translation, being a creation of the intellect, shall enjoy the legal protection accorded to such works.
15. The translator is therefore the holder of copyright in his/her translation and consequently has the same privileges as the author of the original work.
16. The translator shall thus enjoy, with respect to his/her translation, all the moral rights of succession conferred by his/her authorship.
17. He/she shall consequently enjoy during his/her lifetime the right to recognition of his/her authorship of the translation, from which it follows, inter alia, that
a) his/her name shall be mentioned clearly and unambiguously whenever his/her translation is used publicly;
b) he/she shall be entitled to oppose any distortion, mutilation or other modification of his/her translation;
c) publishers and other users of his/her translation shall not make changes therein without the translator's prior consent;
d) he/she shall be entitled to prohibit any improper use of his/her translation and, in general, to resist any attack upon it that is prejudicial to his/her honour or reputation.
18. Furthermore, the exclusive right to authorize the publication, presentation, broadcasting, re-translation, adaptation, modification or other rendering of his/her translation, and, in general, he right to use his/her translation in any form shall remain with the translator.
19. For every public use of his/her translation the translator shall be entitled to remuneration at a rate fixed by contract or law.
SECTION III
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL POSITION OFTHE TRANSLATOR
20. The translator must be assured of living conditions enabling him/her to carry out with efficiency and dignity the social task conferred on him/her.
21. The translator shall have a share in the success of his/her work and shall, in particular, be entitled to remuneration proportional to the commercial proceeds from the work he/she has translated.
22. It must be recognised that translation can also arise in the form of commissioned work and acquire as such rights to remuneration independent of commercial profits accruing from the work translated.
23. The translating profession, like other professions, shall enjoy in every country a protection equal to that afforded to other professions in that country, by collective agreements, standard contracts, etc.
24. Translators in every country shall enjoy the advantages granted to intellectual workers, and particularly of all social insurance schemes, such as old-age pensions, health insurance, unemployment benefits and family allowances.
SECTION IV
TRANSLATORS' SOCIETIES AND UNIONS
25. In common with members of other professions, translators shall enjoy the right to form professional societies or unions.
26. In addition to defending the moral and material interests of translators, these organisations shall have the task of ensuring improvement in standards of translation and of dealing with all other matters concerning translation.
27. They shall exert their influence on public authorities in the preparation and introduction of legal measures and regulations concerning the profession.
28. They shall strive to maintain permanent relations with organisations which are users of translations (publishers' associations, industrial and commercial enterprises, public and private authorities, the Press, etc.) for the purpose of studying and finding solutions to their common problems.
29. In watching over the quality of all works translated in their countries, they shall keep in touch with cultural organisations, societies of authors, national sections of the Pen Club, literary critics, learned societies, universities, and technical and scientific research institutes.
30. They shall be competent to act as arbiters and experts in all disputes arising between translators and users of translations.
31. They shall have the right to give advice on the training and recruitment of translators, and to co-operate with specialized organisations and universities in the pursuit of these aims.
32. They shall endeavour to collect information of interest to the profession from all sources and to place it at the disposal of translators in the form of libraries, files, journals and bulletins, for which purpose they shall establish theoretical and practical information services, and organise seminars and meetings.
SECTION V
NATIONAL ORGANISATIONS ANDTHE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OFTRANSLATORS
33. Where several groups of translators exist in a country, organised either on a regional basis or into different categories, it will be desirable for these groups to co-ordinate their activities in a central national organisation, at the same time preserving their identity.
34. In countries where societies or unions of translators are not yet in existence, it is suggested that translators should join forces to bring about the necessary establishment of such an organisation, in accordance with the relevant legal requirements of their country.
35. To ensure the attainment of their aims at world level by common effort, national translators' organisations are called upon to unite in the Fédération internationale des traducteurs (International Federation of Translators [FIT]).
36. Translators shall join their national organisations of their own free will and the same must apply to the societies with respect to their association with the International Federation of Translators.
37. The International Federation of Translators shall defend the material and moral rights of translators at the international level, keep in touch with progress in theoretical and practical matters relating to translation, and endeavour to contribute to the spread of civilisation throughout the world.
38. The International Federation of Translators shall attain these objectives by representing translators at the international level, particularly through relations with governmental, non-governmental and supranational organisations, by taking part in meetings likely to be of interest to translators and translation at the international level, by publishing works, and by organising or arranging for the organisation of congresses at which questions concerning translation or translators may be examined.
39. In general the International Federation of Translators shall extend the activities of the societies of every country at the international level, co-ordinate their efforts and define its common policy.
40. The national societies and the International Federation of Translators, their central organisation, derive the strength necessary for the pursuit of their professional objectives from the feeling of solidarity existing among translators and from the dignity of translation which contributes to better understanding among nations and to the spread of culture throughout the world.
